Adam Hayes, Ph.D., CFA, is a financial writer with 15+ years Wall Street experience as a derivatives trader. Besides his extensive derivative trading expertise, Adam is an expert in economics and ...

Year-over-year (YOY) growth is a performance indicator often used by investors to measure financial progress and compare ...

Discover how to calculate internal rate of return (IRR) to evaluate investment opportunities and understand their potential returns.

Required rate of return (RRR) gives investors a benchmark to determine the minimum acceptable return on an investment considering the risk involved. By calculating RRR, investors can assess whether an ...

Real rate of return adjusts for inflation, providing a true growth measure. S&P 500's real rate is 7.9%, versus a nominal 11.8%, due to inflation. Using real rates in retirement planning ensures ...

SPGP targets 75 S&P 500 Index stocks with attractive growth-at-a-reasonable-price metrics. Its expense ratio is 0.75% and the ETF has $2.80 billion in assets under management. The Index relies on ...